19th Century

19th Century Situation
Over a period of 50 years (1841-1891) some 72,000 Luxembourgers emigrated to the United States and France. The emigrants to France were mostly craftsmen, touring this country in order to learn and improve their craft, and who returned after their “Tour de Franceâ€, whereas those who left for the United States, left the country for good. If one considers that the population of Luxembourg at that period was fluctuating between 175,000 and 213,000, con can assume that Luxembourg lost one out of every five inhabitants to the United States. Migration is not a new factor in Luxembourg history, it was and still is a dominant factor in Luxembourg demographic history.
schengen anno 1867
Reasons for Emigration

The reasons for emigration were essentially economical. The Grand Duchy was a poor undeveloped farming country, where day laborers, village craftsmen and small landowners hardly could make a living. Transportation infrastructure was hardly existing. The first banks, motors of economy, were founded in 1856 and iron industry only started in the 1890ies. A series of bad harvests only increased the rampant poverty. Thus America appeared to be the dreamland, especially for the young and active generations, who would not put up with the hardships their forefathers had endured. Emigration reasons can be summed up in the classical push and pull factor enumeration:
"Pull factors in the States:"
- Higher income
- Large availability of land at low prices
- Prospect of social and political equality
- Emigrant letters depicting their new lives
- Guide books for emigrants
- Emigrant agents promoting railroad and steamship companies

"Push factors in the homeland":
- Demographic pressure
- Unavailability of land
- Economic and agrarian crisis (bad harvests, potato famine)
- high taxes and political discrimination of the lower classes (only the rich had the right to vote)
- military draft
Wormeldange anno 1867

Luxembourg ethnic settlements provided the newcomers with a sense of confidence and identity in this vast and unfamiliar land.

Emigration was particularly high in the area of the Moselle River Valley, where in the 1840ies and 1850ies a series of bad wine harvests pushed the indebted winegrowers into bankruptcy . The parcels on which they tilled the land were subdivided into smaller and smaller hereditary shares. While birth rates remained constantly high, the land could no longer support an ever-growing population. Thus, over the period 1839-1890, all the villages of the canton of Remich experienced population losses of up to 19%, the average being 13%. The population of the municipality of Stadtbredimus, in spite of a birth rate around 30 per thousand, dropped from 1215 to 982 (-19%). Natural population movement (births minus deaths) would have given at the end of that period a population of 1740: we have thus a migratory deficit of 758. The migratory patterns reflect a strong family and village emigration, where people emigrated and settled collectively, followed over the years by fellow Luxembourgers. Certain Luxembourg settlements have corresponding specific villages and areas in the homeland where the immigrants originated from. A strong Luxembourg identity prevailed and remained in these settlements and quite a few aspects of Luxembourg life can be located in these communities. This is especially true in self-sufficient areas, where Luxembourgers did not disappear in the American melting-pot, and where fellow immigrants kept coming in until roughly World-War I. Thus these settlements retained a strong old world ethnic background, which an be witnesses in their traditions, customs and language.


Remich anno 1837